Donald Trump’s hardline approach to immigration has been
branded a “gift to human traffickers” amid concerns that stricter deportation
and border regulations will push undocumented migrant workers underground,
putting them at greater risk of slavery and human rights abuses.
The new administration’s immigration policy – which hinges
on the construction of a US-Mexico border wall and immediate repatriation of
illegal immigrants – will force criminal networks to use more costly and
potentially more dangerous trafficking routes by air and sea, say global risk
analysts Verisk Maplecroft.
According to a report by the company, the controversial
stance adopted by the White House towards migrant workers and immigration will
be a major driver of human rights risks for business in 2017.
Developed countries are warned that human rights abuses are
surfacing closer to home for western companies just as legislation strengthens
and scrutiny of business practices increases.
Saket Soni, executive director of the membership
organisation National Guestworkers Alliance, said the Trump administration’s new
regulations will only exacerbate existing problems and proves that the US government
is “part of the problem”.
“Trump’s policies are a gift to human traffickers,” said
Soni. “We know firsthand what Verisk Maplecroft’s report confirms:
criminalising immigrants makes them more vulnerable to forced labour, human
trafficking, and modern-day slavery. Trump’s mass criminalisation will drive
immigrants further into the shadows, where increasing numbers of them will face
forced labour conditions.”
The report, entitled Human Rights Outlook 2017, draws on
Verisk Maplecroft’s portfolio of global human rights data and its interactions
with multinational companies to assess the top 10 human rights issues affecting
business in the year ahead.
“The US is already classed as ‘medium risk’ in our index
measuring modern slavery around the world, and the commodity risk that we’ve
done shows that there are already extreme risks for migrants, including those
on farms harvesting apples or citrus fruits,” said Maplecroft’s principal
analyst, Alexandra Channer.
“There’s already a significant problem for undocumented
workers in certain industries in the US. So the impact of these policies will
be worsening an already serious issue, which we could see potentially widen to
different industries, for example the transportation and hospitality sectors.”
There are an estimated 8 million undocumented migrants in
the US. They comprise more than 10% of the labour force in Nevada, 9% in
California, 8.5% in Texas and 6.2% in Florida, according to the report.
The agriculture, construction, manufacturing and hospitality
sectors are the most dependent on migrants for informal, low-paid work, with
commodity risk data revealing that the risk of migrant labour exploitation is
already “high”, or “extreme”, in fruit production in Florida and California.
Ironically, as a result of the Trump administration’s
directives to put “America first”, US companies with supply chains reliant on
low-skilled, migrant labour face an increased risk of modern slavery, as these
sectors often include informal and casual labour, hidden subcontracting and
corrupt recruitment practices, the report warns. Stricter deportation rules for
undocumented migrant workers will push them further underground, potentially
exposing them to criminal trafficking gangs, while a US-Mexico border wall
would increase criminal trafficking fees, leaving migrants more deeply mired in
debt and vulnerable to exploitation, according to the study.
A 2015 Buzzfeed investigation found that migrant workers –
both documented and undocumented – faced high levels of abuse at the hands of
their employers, with thousands of workers on legal H-2 visas reportedly
deprived of fair wages, imprisoned, starved, beaten, raped, and even threatened
with deportation if they complained.
Channer said that migrants who fear they may be at risk of
deportation, even if they are working legally in the US, will hesitate to
report any labour abuses, such as delayed payment of wages or excessive working
hours. “But failure to report even one abuse may lead to a slippery slope where
conditions of modern day slavery [go unreported],” she added.
Irregular flows of migrants and refugees have led to an
increased risk of modern slavery in European countries, said Channer, and could
serve as a potential warning to the US administration, since “migration
policies have not reduced the incentives to migrate and trafficking networks
have simply adapted”.
“Traditionally people have thought this is a problem that’s
isolated on Thai fishing vessels or in textile factories abroad, but this is an
issue that affects economies that are low-risk,” she said. “We highlight blind
spots – such as cleaners and security guards, or caterers that supply food at
business headquarters in London or Paris or Berlin. These workers are all
extremely susceptible to conditions of modern slavery.”
The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) called Trump’s
immigration policies “concerning” because of their potential impact on all
involved. “Heightened immigration enforcement will push people underground and
create a significant chilling effect on reporting labour abuses,” said Sarah Mehta,
a human rights researcher for ACLU. “There are consequences for all workers,
including US citizens, when the ability to organise and report abuses is
thwarted by the threat of deportation.”
The report recommended tougher auditing processes for companies
completing human rights assessments. It stressed that a greater risk of modern
slavery in the US supply chain could deter international businesses from
working with US firms, lest their own supply chains should be sullied.
“Companies and investors looking to avoid the moral hazard
of forced labour need to be as concerned about the US as they are about
Thailand,” said Soni. “Since Trump has made the US government part of the
problem, companies and investors will need to partner directly with worker voice
organisations to make sure that immigrant workers have the power to receive a
fair wage, expose abuse without fear of retaliation, and combat
discrimination.”
Article from The Guardian
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